Comparison Between Hinduism and Budhism

Comparison of Two types of Pagan Religion i. e. Hinduism and Buddhism South Asian people have a well-defined amalgam of Abrahamic and Pagan religions. Two of the Pagan religions of this region are well-known in this region because their birth place South Asia. These two religions are â€Å"Hinduism† and â€Å"Buddhism†. Hinduism refers to the principal and most ancient religious tradition of India: in it the lives of the believers are governed by the doctrines of â€Å"Dharma† or universal law, â€Å"Karma† or the cumulative effects of personal actions, and â€Å"Samsara† or the cycle of rebirth, liberation from which is the first goal of life; [similarly] Buddhism is a religion and philosophic system, founded in India in the 6th cent. By Buddha: it teaches the right thinking and self-denial will enable the soul to reach Nirvana, a divine state of release from misdirected desire† (â€Å"Dictionary definitions you can understand-†).Altho ugh the birth place of both religions is South Asia and thus they stem from a similar Philosophy and culture, as S. Radhakrishnan says â€Å"Buddhism, in its origin at least is an offshoot of Hinduism† (qtd. In  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Buddhism & Hinduism, Comparative Study of Buddhism & Hinduism, Compare Contrast Buddhism & Hinduism. â€Å"); yet there is also a prominent difference in the major ideational elements of Doctrine of both; which includes â€Å"Concept of God†, â€Å"Reincarnation† and â€Å"Caste system†. In each and every religion of the World, the word â€Å"God† generally refers to designate a supreme power, who is the ultimate creator of the entire universe.In Hinduism there is also such definition for God. â€Å"Neither the multitude of gods nor great sages know my origin, for I am the source of all the gods and great sages. A mortal who knows me as the unborn, beginning-less great lord of the world is freed from all delusion and all evilsâ⠂¬  (â€Å"Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 2 – Verses 9 & 10. †). But the thorough study of Hinduism reveals it a polytheistic religion; indeed most of Hindus attest it by their worship of God. As they consider the many of living and non-living things to be divine and sacred.For example they consider the trees, the sun, the moon, the monkey, the snake and the human beings as manifestations of God. While in Buddhism, the designation of God is same as in Hinduism. As Gospel of Buddha says â€Å"There is, O monks, an unborn, unoriginated, uncreated, and unformed. Were there not, O monks, this unborn, unoriginated, uncreated, and unformed, there would be no escape from the world of the born, originated, created, formed. Since, O monks, there is an unborn, unoriginated, uncreated, and unformed, therefore is there an escape from the world of the born, originated, created, formed† (â€Å"The Gospel of Buddha†).But there appears difference in the belief in gods and godly manifestations of both religions; because in Buddhism there is no such entailment of godly figures in the original Buddhist doctrine, except in few sects. â€Å"Buddha was once asked by a disciple whether God exists. He refused to reply. When pressed, he said that if you are suffering from a stomach ache would you concentrate on relieving the pain or studying the prescription of the physician. â€Å"It is not my business or yours to find out whether there is God – our business is to remove the sufferings of the world† (â€Å"Concept of god in Buddhism†).Doctrine of Buddhism says that all these are the ways, by which people soothe themselves. â€Å"Gripped by fear, men go to the sacred mountains, sacred grooves, sacred trees and shrines† (â€Å"The Dhammapada 188†). But also Buddhists do not condemn the concept of gods and also they do not regard the believers of gods as sinners. Hinduism is considered as the complex mixture of religious philosoph ies and schools; but the soul of all this is â€Å"Reincarnation† i. e. the journey of the â€Å"soul† (atman) from one body to another body(cycle of birth and death).This cycle of birth and death (also known as â€Å"Samsara†) is summarized in the following verse of The Bhagavad Gita: â€Å"Just as a man discards worn out clothes and puts on new clothes, the soul discards worn out bodies and wears new ones. † (Chapter 2-Verse 22). As we profoundly glance over both the religions: â€Å"Buddhism shares some concepts of Reincarnation with Hinduism but on the major there appear differences. For example Theravada Buddhism emphasizes in the doctrine of â€Å"Anatta†, or no soul, which states there is no enduring entity that persists from one life to the next.While in Hinduism, â€Å"Karma† determines the circumstances of subsequent lives, so there is continuity between personalities but not persistence of identity. For this reason, Thervada Budd hist prefer the term â€Å"Rebirth† to â€Å"Reincarnation†. That is why in Buddhism, the law of â€Å"Karma† is viewed as naturalistic, akin to the laws of physics. Thus Buddhists do not consider the circumstances of â€Å"Rebirth† as rewards or punishment handed out by a controlling God, they simply regard it the natural result of various good and bad deeds.Thus contrary to the infinite cycle of â€Å"Reincarnation†: â€Å"Rebirth† inevitably involves suffering and ends when all carvings are lost and â€Å"Nirvana† is achieved† (â€Å"Does Hinduism Believe In Reincarnation. â€Å"). So Buddhists lead their lives in a way (negating the concept of infinite cycle of births and deaths), which leads them to their ultimate destination i. e. Nirvana Some of the teachings of every religion of the world provide the guidelines in order to secure the basic social rights of the people.But the there are some religion in which â€Å"Cast e system† has deprived the people from their basic social rights. â€Å"During the Buddha’s time â€Å"Brahmanism† was the predominant religion in India, in which all humans were divided into four castes i. e priests, warriors, traders and laborers. Later on this â€Å"Caste system† was absorbed into â€Å"Hinduism†, given religious legitimacy and sanction and has continued to function right up till the present. This has made the Social contact between each cast minimal and has provided the lower ones with the less opportunities, the less freedom and the less rights.Outside the caste system there are the outcast’s people, who are considered so impure that they are hardly counted as humans. On the other hand Buddha himself was born into the warrior caste, but he severely criticized the caste system. He ridiculed the priests’ claims to be superior, he criticized the theological basis of the system and he welcomed into the  Sangha  p eople of all castes, including outcasts. His most famous saying on the subject is: â€Å"Birth does not make one a priest or an outcaste. Behavior makes one either a priest or an outcaste†Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Buddhist Studies: Caste System. â€Å").In summary to the religious beliefs, philosophies and social teachings; Buddhism provides an ultimate concept for an ultimate Power, similarly it gives the fascinating hope for ultimate destination â€Å"Nirvana† and also it maps a just society on the golden rules of equity. While Hinduism limits the ultimate concept of God to worldly figures, similarly the concept of â€Å"Reincarnation†, negates the ultimate destination; which indirectly, is the negation of God and also the caste system in it makes the life of its follower’s worldly punishment, because deprivation of basic social rights leads the people to inferiority complex. Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 2 – Verses 9,10 &22†³Ã‚  Bamboo Wisdom. Web. 19 Oct. 2011.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Buddhism & Hinduism, Comparative Study of Buddhism & Hinduism,Compare Contrast Buddhism & Hinduism. †Ã‚  Buddhist Tourism,Travel Buddhist Sites,Buddhist Tourism in India, Japan, Tibet, China. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. http://www. buddhist-tourism. com/buddhism/religion/buddhism-hinduism. html â€Å"Buddhist Studies: Caste System. †Ã‚  BuddhaNet – Worldwide Buddhist Information and Education Network. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. . Does Hinduism Believe In Reincarnation? †Ã‚  Personal Development on a Deeper Level – Tyler Hardy. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. . â€Å"Reincarnation – World, Body, Life, History, Beliefs, Time, Person, Human, Hinduism, Buddhism, Shiite Muslims, Judaism and Christianity, Ancient Greece, West Africa. â€Å"Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. . â€Å"South Asia – Definition | WordIQ. com. †Ã‚  Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – WordIQ Dictionary. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. â€Å"The Dhammap ada: Verses and Stories.   Tipitaka Network: Bringing Dhamma Studies to You. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. . â€Å"The Gospel of Buddha. †Ã‚  The Reluctant Messenger of Science and Religion: Science and the World's Religions Are Pieces to a Puzzle That Need Each Other to Form a Complete Picture. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. ;http://reluctant-messenger. com/gospel_buddha/chapter_20. htm;. â€Å" Concept of god in Buddhism-by Dr. Zakir Naik† Dictionary Definitions You Can Understand – YourDictionary. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. ;http://www. yourdictionary. com;. http://saif_w. tripod. com/interfaith/general/god/inbuddhism. htm

How to Respect Your Parents

How to respect your parents? There are many days set aside in non-Islamic societies to honour and appreciate special people; examples of these are Father's Day, Mother's Day, Memorial Day and Labour Day. In Islam, however, respecting, honouring and appreciating parents is not just for a single day of the year, but rather for each and every day. Parents in the Quran: A Muslim child should respect and appreciate his or her parents on a daily basis. Allaah mentions that human beings must recognise their parents and that this is second only to the recognition of Allaah Himself.Throughout the Quran, we notice that parents are mentioned with appreciation and respect. In the Quran, there is a very beautiful description of how parents are to be treated; Allaah Says (what means):  Ã¢â‚¬Å"And your Lord has decreed that you not worship except Him, and to parents, good treatment. Whether one or both of them reach old age [while] with you, say not to them [so much as] ‘uff' [i. e. , an ex pression of irritation or disapproval] and do not repel them but speak to them a noble word. And lower to them the wing of humility out of mercy and say: ‘My Lord!Have mercy upon them as they brought me up [when I was] small. ‘†Ã‚  [Quran 17:23-24] The recognition and respect of parents is mentioned in the Quran eleven times; in every instance, Allaah reminds children to recognise and to appreciate the love and care that they have received from their parents. One such example is when Allaah says what means:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"And We have enjoined upon man goodness to parents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  [Quran 29:8 & 46:15] 3. In Chapter Al-An'aam, Allaah reemphasises that people should be kind to their parents; He says what means:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Say: ‘Come, I will recite what your Lord has prohibited to you. He commands] that you not associate anything with Him, and to parents, good treatment†¦ ‘†Ã‚  [Quran 6:151] Mother First Among parents, it is usually the mother who makes the most sacrifice and endures the most hardship in the care of her children. She gives birth and looks after them. Islam recognizes this fact, offering more honor to the mother as a parent. Muhammad once said, â€Å"Paradise is placed at the mothers' feet,† so high is their status and regard. The Qur'an reminds people of the sacrifices and hardships that mothers face on behalf of their children. â€Å"And e enjoined upon mankind concerning parents: his mother carried him in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning is two years. Therefore show gratitude to Allah and to your parents† (Qur'an 31:14). On another occasion, some people asked the Prophet Muhammad, â€Å"To whom should we show kindness first? † He answered, â€Å"Your mother. † Then he was asked again, â€Å"And after that, then whom? † Muhammad again replied, â€Å"Your mother. † He was asked yet again, and he gave the same reply again: â€Å"Your mother. † Only af ter that, when he was asked one more time, did he answer, â€Å"Then, your father. Duties to Parents Our life would not be possible without the sacrifice and hard work of our parents, who cared for us and met all our needs when we were young. The Qur'an addresses this point in one touching verse: â€Å"And your Lord has decreed that you worship none but Him, and that you be kind to parents. If one or both of them attain old age during your life, say not to them a word of disrespect, nor repel them. But address them in terms of honour, and lower to them the wing of humility, out of mercy, and say, ‘My Lord!Bestow on them Your Mercy, as they did bring me up when I was young’† (Qur'an 17:23–24). Muslims are advised to treat their parents gently and respectfully. They should always strive to please them and never become impatient or rude with them. Muslims consider it an honour and a blessing to be able to care for their parents in old age. After all, it's th e least we can do to repay them for all of their hard work and sacrifice. Nursing homes and hospice care are new phenomena in the Muslim world, and they are not widely accepted.Elderly and ill family members almost always remain in the homes of children or relatives, cared for and respected until death. Muhammad encouraged his followers to treat their parents well and to be mindful of their needs. Once, a young man came to him and wanted to join the Muslim army on the battlefield to defend the community from attack. Muhammad asked him if his parents were living. When the young man said they were, he told him: â€Å"Then go back to your parents, serve them, and deal with them kindly.This is as good as fighting for God's sake. † Muslims consider their parents' opinions about important matters, such as choosing a career path, spouse, or place to live. As a Muslim gets older, any income she earns is partially used to support her parents and meet their needs. A Muslim prays that a fter their deaths, God will forgive her parents and show mercy toward them. Also, you should always listen and obey to the commands that your parents have told you to do. Always take care of them afterall to have them is a big gift.

Copernicus Studies essays

Copernicus' Studies essays Nicholas Copernicus was never supposed to be a revolutionary in the field of revolutions. This Polish merchants son, groomed to be a church canon, was not the sort of man to be running around changing the world; he was not even published until near his death, in 1543. Copernicus had been preceded by over a thousand years of contentment with the universal model, as Europe had been riding Ptolemys system with the full support of the Catholic Church. Few people had given serious question to breaking Ptolemys crystal spheres; in fact, they were so firmly established as the methods by which planets revolved around the earth that Dante had written about them in his Divine Comedy and John Milton, several years later, wrote them into his epic, Paradise Lost. Copernicus himself was quite loyal to the precise, circular motion set in place by Aristotle; the major difference between his system and the Ptolemaic is that the Earth revolves around the Sun and turns on its own axis. Because of this, some believe that Copernicus was not a revolutionary thinker, but a thinker of revolutions (Henry, 10). However, Copernicus himself harbored beliefs other than that of the Catholic Church, and this would prove to be the driving force behind his overwhelming discoveries. He would eventually get the last laugh, as his discoveries launched the Scientific Revolution. Nicholas Copernicus was born in 1473 in Thorn on the Vistula. His father died early, but Nicholas was tutored and protected by his maternal uncle, Lukasz Watzenrode, who eventually became bishop of Ermeland (Sarton, 55). He studied at the Krakow Academy in Poland for four years, reading several astronomical texts under the tutelage of Albert Brudzewski, which was as good an astronomical education as was available anywhere (Sarton, 57). Copernicus may have been dissatisfied with the Ptolemaic model even before he arrived in Bologna. Copernicus went to B...

Free Essays on Computer Market

Introduction The computer market is considered to be one of the fastest growing and rapid changing markets , due to the fact that technology develops continuously and alternates the business environment in which the computer manufacturing companies have to operate . The majority of these companies have to adapt to the continuous changes and even more forecast the blurry forefront in order to survive and make profits . A commonly used tool to predict the changes and the potential of expansion is the Market Opportunity Analysis . More specifically Market Opportunity analysis or MOA is the systematic method for gathering and organising the information about a believed market opportunity ( Cadotte, 2003 ) . A useful tool like the MOA can even apply to a virtual marketplace like marketplace 6 which simulates with remarkable realism the rapid changes at a virtual computer market . By using the MOA we will try to identify the factors that form the business environment , the strategies that the vir tual company , Tech – Edge , follows and the strategic position of the company and finally we will try to see the potential of growth and expansion of the company’s activities to different market segments . The Business Environment It’s really quite difficult to distinguish and analyse the factors that shape a fluid business environment, like the computer industry environment . In order to achieve a slight approach , we will use the PEST analysis , which is a tool that is usually used from companies when they want to establish their strategic position in the market that they operate . A PEST analysis includes the study of Political , Economical , Social and Technological factors that affect the operation of the company and through which we can understand better , which factors trigger the changes and alter the present forefront . Although the information about the factors that shape the virtual marketplace are limited... Free Essays on Computer Market Free Essays on Computer Market Introduction The computer market is considered to be one of the fastest growing and rapid changing markets , due to the fact that technology develops continuously and alternates the business environment in which the computer manufacturing companies have to operate . The majority of these companies have to adapt to the continuous changes and even more forecast the blurry forefront in order to survive and make profits . A commonly used tool to predict the changes and the potential of expansion is the Market Opportunity Analysis . More specifically Market Opportunity analysis or MOA is the systematic method for gathering and organising the information about a believed market opportunity ( Cadotte, 2003 ) . A useful tool like the MOA can even apply to a virtual marketplace like marketplace 6 which simulates with remarkable realism the rapid changes at a virtual computer market . By using the MOA we will try to identify the factors that form the business environment , the strategies that the vir tual company , Tech – Edge , follows and the strategic position of the company and finally we will try to see the potential of growth and expansion of the company’s activities to different market segments . The Business Environment It’s really quite difficult to distinguish and analyse the factors that shape a fluid business environment, like the computer industry environment . In order to achieve a slight approach , we will use the PEST analysis , which is a tool that is usually used from companies when they want to establish their strategic position in the market that they operate . A PEST analysis includes the study of Political , Economical , Social and Technological factors that affect the operation of the company and through which we can understand better , which factors trigger the changes and alter the present forefront . Although the information about the factors that shape the virtual marketplace are limited...

ACT Admission Requirements The Importance of the ACT

ACT Admission Requirements The Importance of the ACT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Getting ready to apply to college? If you are, I’m sure you’ve heard of the ACT and/or SAT. If you’re unfamiliar with the basics of the ACT, make sure to learn about what the ACT is before continuing reading this article. Just how important is the ACT for your college applications? It is one of the most important pieces of your college application (if not THE most important piece). In this guide, I'll explain why test scores are a key part of your application and how todetermine the ACTadmission requirements for your targetschools. Why Is the ACT Important to Colleges? There are two main reasons for the importance of the ACT. #1: Your ACT Score Is How Colleges Compare You to Other Applicants While all college applicants come from different backgrounds, attend different high schools, took different high school classes, and did different extracurricular activities, all applicants will have taken the SAT and/or ACT (at least at non-test optional schools). Since all students have taken the ACT (or SAT), admissions officers use it as a sort of normalizer.Your ACT score shows college admissions officers if your GPA and transcript are accurate representations of your academic ability.If your GPA is high but your ACT score is low, admissions officers may think your grades were inflated.However, if you have a 4.0 GPA with a perfect 36 SAT score, admissions officers will likely be impressed and think your GPA is reflective of your academic potential. A high ACT score can also make up for a lower GPA.If you have a 3.0 GPA with a perfect 36 score, a college admissions officer may think your classes were too hard or that you simply matured and are now college ready as indicated by your ACT score. The ACT helps colleges compare you to other applicants. #2: Colleges Are Judged by Their ACT Score Ranges The ACTis so important to universitiesbecause admissions officersuse it tojudge your academic preparedness for college. However, yourACT score is also important to universitiesbecause if you're admitted, your ACT score will be incorporated into their annualACT statistics. Every year, colleges publish their freshman admit profile (see an example of Princeton's freshman admit profile).In this profile, colleges provide data on their admitted students.The data always includes either the 25th/75th percentile SAT/ACT scores (sometimes referred to as the middle 50%) or the average SAT/ACT scores of admitted students. However, more often, the 25th/75th percentile is provided instead of average score.The 25th percentile score means that 25% of admitted students scored at or below that score (and therefore 75% of admitted students scored above).The 75th percentile score means that 75% of admitted students scored at or below that score (and therefore 25% of admitted students scored above).The average score is just what it sounds like, an average of all the admitted students scores. The general public usesthis data to make judgments aboutthe selectivity of the school (the higher the ACT score range, the more competitive or â€Å"better† the public may think the college is). When you think of Ivy League schools such as Harvard, Dartmouth, Yale, you likely think, "Wow, those are good schools!" Why do you think they are good schools? You might think of their alumni or campuses. However, many lower ranked schools such as Denison have beautiful campuses and famous alumni like billionaire Michael Eisner. You might think Ivies are prestigious due to their low admit rates, but there are othercolleges with comparable admit rates tothe Ivies. The reason you most likely associate Harvard, Stanford and other top colleges with excellenceis due totheir published ACTscore ranges and their ranking. When doing research on applying to colleges, you likely sawthe US News World Report ranking of US colleges. Every year, US News World Report assembles their rankings based on several categories including the ACT scores of the college’s students.If you attend that college, your ACT score will be factored into that college’s overall national ranking in US News World Report. Top colleges such as Brown, Princeton, and Columbiawant your ACTscores to be top notchso that it reflects well on their school. Even "second tier college" such as Vanderbilt, USC, and Emory care about your ACT score for this reasonbecause these universities hope to continue to rise in theUS News World Reportrankings. How do you find out if your ACT score is good enough? Keep reading! What Does This Mean for You? Because schoolsvalue your ACT score so muchin their admissions process, you needto make sure that you have an ACTscore that fits their expectations. How canyou figure out what that ACT score expectation is? Do you rememberthose ACT score percentiles I mentioned earlier?As a quickreminder, schools publish an admit profile every year with either the 25th/75th percentile SAT/ACT scores (sometimes referred to as the middle 50%) or the average SAT/ACT scores of admitted students. Admissions officers use this ACT score percentile data as the score standard for applicants.Universitieswillbe looking to acceptapplicantswho are in or above this range (or at or above the average).That way the school is always getting the same or better caliber student (which means their rankings will either stay the same or increase). At PrepScholar, we recommend trying to get your score at or above the 75th percentile score for your target school to give yourself the best chance of admission. How To Find a Specific School's ACT AdmissionRequirements? Where can you find the 25th/75th percentile ACT score for your target colleges?I suggestchecking outour guide to finding your ACTscore for your target school first.The simple route is to Google Search for â€Å"[College Name] ACT PrepScholar.†That will bring you to our admissions page along with ACT score for your target school. You’ll be able to read about the average ACT score, along with the 25th/75th percentile ACT scores of admitted students, and you’ll be able to use our nifty admissions calculator to determine your chances of getting into that school based on your GPA and SAT score. Write downthe 75th percentileACTscore listed onour admissions page for your target college.That should be your target ACTscore. What Can You Do To Improve Your ACT Score? Now that you’ve found out your target ACT score, what can you do to reach it?If you haven't yet started preparing for the ACT, start with our complete study guides for ACT Science, ACT Math, ACT Reading, and ACT English. The first step to reaching your score is practice! If you’ve already started preparing but are still seeing no improvement, consider changing your ACT strategy.We’ve prepared many great ACT strategy guides. Read them hereand make sure you’re incorporating these strategies.NOTE: not all strategies will work for everyone. Try out these strategies on your ACT practice tests. Try to figure out what works for you and what doesn't work for you. If you’ve tried all of the strategies and are still seeing no improvement, you should consider hiring a tutor or trying PrepScholar’s program.Don’t worry! With the appropriate amount of time and effort dedicated, you should be able to reach your ACT score goal. Here at PrepScholar, we offer a 4 point increase guarantee. Do you not have time for a prep program? Are you taking the ACT this month?Check out our ACT 10-day cramming guide.NOTE: I highly recommend against cramming as time spent studying is important to help you achieve your score goal! What’s Next? Not sure where you’d like to go to college? Figure out how to find your target school. Worried about the rest of your college application? We’ll help you write a great personal statement and get excellent letters of recommendation. Still not sure whether the SAT or ACT is right for you? Let’s help you pick the right test for you! Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Dora Seigel About the Author As an SAT/ACT tutor, Dora has guided many students to test prep success. She loves watching students succeed and is committed to helping you get there. Dora received a full-tuition merit based scholarship to University of Southern California. She graduated magna cum laude and scored in the 99th percentile on the ACT. She is also passionate about acting, writing, and photography. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Health Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Health Economics - Essay Example But the thing is quite different in healthcare sector of any economy. In healthcare sector, policymakers are quite reluctant to put a value on life due to a lot of ethical reasons. Until recently there has been huge disagreement on the method of measuring life. Over the years, researchers have tried to measure returns on different heath care interventions or programs using economic analysis framework. In last few decades several indicators have been developed for making economic evaluation of different healthcare interventions. Among those indicators, the two most important and widely used indicators are quality adjusted life years (QALY) and disability adjusted life years (DALY). These two composite indicators are being increasingly used by researchers and policymakers of health care sectors of most of the countries across the world. The paper makes an attempt to critically evaluate each of these composite indicators which are helping policymakers in the healthcare sector to decide which intervention should be made available to the patients. The paper will first discuss the definitions and underlying concepts of each of these two indicators along with their uses, then it will move on to discussing the method of calculation for each of them and examine advantages and disadvantages of them, and finally look into their applications. (Prasad et al. 2009; Morrow and Bryant, 1995; Harron, Burnside and Beauchamp, 1983) QALY – One of the most important composite indicators used for assessing the effectiveness of healthcare interventions QALY was devised during the period of 1980s (Hirskyi, 2007) by economists, healthcare researchers and psychologists for conducting cost effectiveness analysis. QALY offers the policymakers of the healthcare sector an economical framework through which they become able to make an efficient allocation of scare health care resources. The QALY is actually based

'The principle of binding precedent is too inflexible and stifles the Essay

'The principle of binding precedent is too inflexible and stifles the development of the law. It should be abolished.' Discu - Essay Example Similarly if the binding precedent was one that allows for same sex marriages the judge would have to rule in favour of that statute regardless of their own personally held belief to the contrary2. This principal has been followed in jurisprudence in all of the countries that follow the precepts of common law3. There are a couple of situations that must obtain where the Binding Precedent has to be followed. The first is that the courts accept the hierarchy that is in place and the superiority of the court or judge that ruled in the binding precedent. The level of the court can also be the same as the one hearing the latter case. The second situation is that the material facts of law in the latter case must be similar or be based on the same principle as the matter in the original precedent. Binding precedents, as a whole, are usually covered by the doctrine or principle of the Latin maxim: Stare Decisiset Non QueitaMovere which in its most literal translation means â€Å"stand by th e decision and do not unsettle the established†. ... The first of such reasons is for the efficiency that the use of device of binding precedentaffords as well as the savings in time and resources in the deliberation and ruling on a matter at hand. The binding precedent does not stifle the development of law but rather improves the efficiency of the application of law. The main principle here being that if each and every judgement was made as a â€Å"fresh† or â€Å"new† ruling, without relying on an kind of precedence then it would result in an arbitrary and unnecessary delay in the judicial decision-making process. The use of the binding precedent therefore results in a much faster and more efficient administration of justice and employs this time-saving device in a way that results in a faster and more efficient legal process. If a similar matter has been heard and determined during a previous time and most probably by a court of higher authority there really is no reason why a lower court should not dispense of the de cision in quicker fashion by accepting the precedent. The binding precedent also provides the administration of justice with a certain degree of certainty. It allows litigants to approach the courts with a certainty that all things being equal then the balance of justice would be the same regardless of the time and place of its actual implementation4. The binding precedent means that lawyers can advise their clients with confidence and certainty on matters of legal principle knowing that the previously existing authorities will be able to bear them out and results in a greater confidence in the law by those that pursue claims through the court process. Binding precedent ensures that the lesson learnt in previous judgements and ruling is therefore consistently and similarly applied in future and that