Visual Analysis

Visual Analysis of Mediated Images Though a visual may be analysed in many ways, of late a convention has been established to study under Six major schools of thought. 1. The personal perspective deals with an emotional subjective opinion. ‘What do I think of the picture’. It’s the first response or first thought that crosses your mind on viewing the picture. It bears personal bias and prejudices. 2. The historical perspective helps to determine the importance of the work based on the time period that it was created in. ‘When was this created?What was the social setup at that period of time? 3. The technical perspective tries to draw a relation b/w the medium and the message. ‘What medium has been used to create the message? How has the creator expressed himself through the medium chosen. 4. The ethical perspective looks at the moral and ethical responsibilities of the artist. ‘What are the moral responsibilities of the creator? Is his portrayal of the image ethical? 5. The cultural perspective relates the symbols used in the image to the society. ‘What symbols has the creator used?What is the message conveyed by them? 6. The critical perspective is a rational conclusion that the viewer draws from the image. It is a personal reaction though free of bias and prejudice. ‘What have I concluded after critically analyzing the picture? How different was my first opinion from the second? Aim of Critical analysis: A producer of messages must have an understanding of the culture of the audience and use symbols that are comprehensible by them. It helps a viewer understand, interpret and appreciate art. List all the  Objects and  ElementsOne must notice all the objects and elements in the picture and draw a distinction between the most important and the less important. The placements of elements gives a sense of movement within the picture hence the positioning of objects must be noted. Centre, left, right, top and bot tom. Shadows and lighting suggest what part is in focus and give a sense of depth. The location helps in interpretation of the message. One must categorize the purpose as news, art, personal, or any other. The List †¢ 4 girls †¢ Water †¢ Old building †¢ Small boys †¢ Road The Composition Placement of Objects Foreground: Girls in centre †¢ Background: Water + Kids (left) playing †¢ Background: Brightly lit Building on the right †¢ Background: High contrast / Darker building behind the boys The girls in the centre are the subject of the picture. The water in the background seems to be coming from a nearby hose pipe or fire hydrant. The girls seem drenched in water. One can see small boys still playing in the water in the background. Study visual cues Shadows and lighting †¢Illuminated building on right hand side †¢Light source is in front of the girls at an angle above them †¢Building behind the boys is in shady regionThe light an d shadow suggests its little after 15:00 hours. It sets the mood of summer and playful indulgence of kids by drenching themselves. There is a sense of innocence. Study visual cues†¦ Colour †¢Objective- perception of colour & its characteristics †¢Comparative- association of colour with objects, events, emotions †¢Subjective- Every different colour has different associations in different cultures and societies. †¢The girls dark complexion. †¢The light shades worn suggests summer season. †¢The dark shades suggests old and shanty town. Form The triangle shape of the girls is a dynamic shape. ts base gives a sense of stability. They are also in a group and seem like a whole unit. The buildings give a sense of serenity and form the base for the girls that seem in front of it. ‘Eight' depth Cues Many representational visual texts give a very strong feeling of depth despite the fact that they are painted on flat surfaces that lack any depth. In tryi ng to depict depth, there are several restrictions on the techniques that an artist can use. First, most visual texts, like paintings, drawings, illustrations, and photographs, are two-dimensional.There is no actual depth in the artwork so one must understand, at least intuitively, what information is in the environment that allow us to perceive depth. These sources of information are commonly called depth or distance cues. A consequence of the two-dimensional nature of painting and pictures is that we lose all the depth information that comes from the fact that we have two eyes. These binocular, or two-eye, depth cues require true depth and thus we will not discuss them in context with conventional visual texts. For example, there is the binocular depth cue called disparity.Disparity arises from the fact that our two eyes have a slightly different view of the world. To allow you to see disparity requires either real depth or two images developed as if from different positions like our eyes. The artist, in trying to paint or draw, is, therefore, limited to depth cues that (a) need no more than one eye to work, and (b) do not require a moving world. Fortunately there are a collection of such depth cues, a subset of monocular cues called pictorial cues by some authors (Goldstein, 1989). 1. Interposition 2. Space 3. Size 4. Colour 5. Lighting 6. Textural gradient 7. Time 8.Perspective 1. Interposition The first depth cue to be discussed here is interposition which is the partial blocking of a more distant object by a nearer object. Note how the the building is blocked by the girls. In fact, if you notice the kid behind the girls on your right is partially blocking the building too. But, it is the girls who land up blocking him too. Thus creating an illusion as to what is in the background and what is in the front. It is the interposition, overlap, that causes the sense of depth to arise. Usually the impression of depth caused by interposition alone is not very st rong.Notice the foreground figures of two girls with partially blocked figures of other two taking a piggy ride, which are all that are important for our present purposes. Here relative size and even relative height play little role in giving the depth order of the various figures (all the figures are roughly the same level and same size). Shadowing plays an important role in giving each of the figures their sense of three-dimensionality, but to tell who is in what position relative to another, the principle cue is interposition. 2. Space Space is the frame in which an image is located.With a natural scene, the space depends on how close you are to the subject. Standing in an open field gives the feeling of a large amount of space and enhances the feeling of depth. If an object is close to the eyes, depth perception is limited. Distance is related to space and helps in our perception of depth. There is a lot of space behind the girls suggesting they are far from the buildings. The w ater is in the background and the wet girls suggest they had been in the water previously. 3. Size Size can help create the illusion of the depth perception if the viewer is aware of the object’s actual size.A jumbo jet seen from a distance is a small bird sized object. If someone has no idea what the jumbo jets are, then the viewer does not react to this depth cue. Likewise, in this photograph we can guess average size (both height and size) and average size of two storied building in the backdrop we become aware of the depth (both in terms of space and distance) between the girls (foreground) and the building (background). Size, consequently, is closely related to our ability to determine an object’s distance. Distance is related to space and helps in our perception of depth. Size also is related to scale and mental attention.Without knowing an object’s size, we have to view it next to an object of known size in order to determine its size. 4. Colour Correct i nterpretation of colour, and especially lighting cues, allows the beholder to determine the shape of objects, and thus their arrangement in space. The colour of distant objects is also shifted towards the blue end of the spectrum. (e. g. distant mountains. ) Painters, notably Cezanne, employ â€Å"warm† pigments (red, yellow and orange) to bring features forward towards the viewer, and â€Å"cool† ones (blue, violet, and blue-green) to indicate the part of a form that curves away from the picture plane.High contrast pictures with great differences between light and dark tones seem closer than objects with more neutral tones colour. 5. Lighting The exact shape and description of the shadows changes depending on the direction of the light. There are certain general rules about shadows. First, in a place with only one source of light, e. g. outside, the shadows from all the objects in the area all go in the same direction. As a corollary of this rule, it is certainly true for all natural lights, and for most artificial lights, that the light comes from above to some degree.We do not usually experience getting illuminated from the floor. Second, for a solid object sticking up the side of the object in shadow is the side away from the light but for a hole in the ground, the shadow is on the side near the light. Shadow can play a very powerful role in defining form by giving the object a three-dimensional feel as in the title to this page. In addition, artists can take good advantage of shadow to define form by highlighting how different portions of an object are at different depths and herefore the object closer to the light will cast a shadow on the more distant object. Shadow can play a broader role in defining depth between objects since objects that are in shadow must be farther from the light than objects that are not in shadow. Differences in light intensities can communicate depth. Carefully crafted lighting design provides subject’s sep aration from background. If brightness level of the back light is slightly higher than the lights in front then this separation is more distinct. However, no backlight has been used in this photograph.Yet, the prevalence of shadows (largely in mid-space of the picture plane and the shows of the subject indicate subject’s volume and provides the viewer with reasonable illusion of depth perspective. 6. Textural gradient Related in a sense to relative size but a depth cue in its own right is what has been termed texture gradient. Most surfaces, such as walls and roads and a field of flowers in bloom, have a texture. As the surface gets farther away from us this texture gets finer and appears smoother (Gibson, 1950). A surface or field that recedes in depth has a texture that gets finer.That is very different from a wall where the surface is approximately the same distance from a person at all points. For example, imagine yourself standing and staring at a brick wall which, inste ad of receding in depth like a cobblestone road, rises up in front of you. Here the texture, in this case the brick alternating with the mortar, will have about the same roughness all over the surface and provide a clue that the surface does not recede in depth. In addition, texture may play a role in helping us determine the size of an object.Regardless of how far an object is away from us, it covers roughly the same amount of surface, and thus texture, which can help us determine the actual size of an object (Gibson, 1950). 7. Time Time and space are intricately related concepts that find expression in visual messages. In one sense, time as a depth cue refers to the first element a viewer sees in a frame. That picture will be in the foreground of the viewer’s mind, with other images seen later in the background. 8. Perspective It is a complex depth perception cue due to cultural factor which comes into play each time we try to interpret depth.However, Perspective, in the co ntext of vision and visual perception, is the way in which objects appear to the eye based on their spatial attributes, or their dimensions and the position of the eye relative to the objects. As objects become more distant, they appear smaller, because their angular diameter (visual angle) decreases. Perspective is also seen in the way the parallel lines of how railway tracks appear to be meeting at a distant point (the vanishing point) on the horizon. When used in this sense, the ‘horizon' is always at the level of the viewer's eye.Because the Earth is round, the true horizon (the line dividing the surface and the sky) is lower than this level. The difference is imperceptibly small when standing on the surface, but noticeable from great height (a person standing on a mountain can see further than someone at ground level). According to Evelyn Hatcher, there are three major forms of perspective which she details in her book Visual Metaphors: A Methodological Study in Visual Co mmunication. These are as follows: Illusionary Perspective: An illusionary perspective can be achieved through size, colour, lighting, interposition, and linear perspective.When you stand on a railroad track and look down the ties, the steel rails seem to converge into a single area, or vanishing point, in the distance. This trait of parallel lines when seen at a distance is called linear perspective. This aspect of illusionary perspective that provides the illusion of three dimensional depth in a painting or a photograph is what artists were trying to duplicate with the aid of Leonardo box and camera obscura. Geometrical Perspective: In geometrical perspective the artist shows near figures in the lower portion of the picture and objects farther away higher in the frame on a vertical line above the near object.This type of perspective is common among traditional Japanese and Mayan artwork. Children often exhibit this type of perspective in their drawings. Conceptual Perspective: Con ceptual perspective is compositional trait that relies on a more symbolic definition of depth perception than the other types of perspective. It can be divided into two types: multi-view and social. With the multi-view perspective, a viewer can see many different sides of an object at the same time. The picture is often an X-ray, or transparent, view of the object. Near objects overlap far objects only by the outside edges or lines that make up their shapes.Pablo Picasso liked to use this type of perspective. In social perspective the most important person in a group picture, a government or corporate leader, is larger in size than other, less important people. A viewer often assumes power relationships because of social perspective. In a picture of a couple the man’s dominance over the woman often is signified by the man being nearer and larger in the frame with his hand resting on or arm wrapped around the woman’s shoulder. Over the past three decades, the feminist m ovement has made advertisers and others more sensitive to nonverbal negative stereotypes such as these. Depth 8’ Depth cues 1. Interposition 2. Space 3. Size 4. Colour 5. Lighting 6. Textural gradient 7. Time 8. Perspective Many representational visual texts give a very strong feeling of depth despite the fact that they are painted on flat surfaces that lack any depth. In trying to depict depth, there are several restrictions on the techniques that an artist can use. First, most visual texts, like paintings, drawings, illustrations, and photographs, are two-dimensional. There is no actual depth in the artwork so one must understand, at least intuitively, what information is in the environment that allow us to perceive depth.These sources of information are commonly called depth or distance cues. A consequence of the two-dimensional nature of painting and pictures is that we lose all the depth information that comes from the fact that we have two eyes. These binocular, or two- eye, depth cues require true depth and thus we will not discuss them in context with conventional visual texts. For example, there is the binocular depth cue called disparity. Disparity arises from the fact that our two eyes have a slightly different view of the world.To allow you to see disparity requires either real depth or two images developed as if from different positions like our eyes. The artist, in trying to paint or draw, is, therefore, limited to depth cues that (a) need no more than one eye to work, and (b) do not require a moving world. Fortunately there are a collection of such depth cues, a subset of monocular cues called pictorial cues by some authors (Goldstein, 1989). The first depth cue to be discussed here is interposition which is the partial blocking of a more distant object by a nearer object. Note how the the building is blocked by the girls.Infact, if you notice the kid behind the girls on your right is partially blocking the building too. But, it is the gir ls who land up blocking him too. Thus creating an illusion as to what is in the background and what is in the front. It is the interposition, overlap, that causes the sense of depth to arise. Usually the impression of depth caused by interposition alone is not very strong. Notice the foreground figures of two girls with partially blocked figures of other two taking a piggy ride, which are all that are important for our present purposes.Here relative size and even relative height play little role in giving the depth order of the various figures (all the figures are roughly the same level and same size). Shadowing plays an important role in giving each of the figures their sense of three-dimensionality, but to tell who is in what position relative to another, the principle cue is interposition. There is a lot of space behind the girls suggesting they are far from the buildings. The water is in the background and the wet girls suggest they had been in the water previously. Movement â⠂¬ ¢The girls have moved fro near the water to the position they are in now.Where was the picture made? What do u think was its purpose? * The picture seems to be clicked in some Afro-American suburb. * It could have been taken to accompany a feature article on the summer heat. Personal Perspective * What do I think of the visual? * Omniphasism â€Å"All in Balance† * Rick Williams philosopher, photographer ; educator at the University of Oregon * Theory that combines the rational and intuitive aspects of the mind. Omniphasism was thought of by Rick Williams, a philosopher, photographer, and educator at the University of Oregon develop the theory Omniphasism.It’s a theory that attempts to combine the rational and intuitive aspects of the mind into a balanced whole. William uses 8 steps for analyzing a visual message, using his Omniphasism tech called a â€Å"personal Impact Assessment† What is my first emotional response to the visual? Do I like it? Dislike it? How do I feel about the image? Its a picture of teenage girls who have just played in water. It’s pleasant to look at. Personal Impact Assessment â€Å"Part of the idea of going from primary words to associative words to significant words is to move away from Literal interpretation of the photo to a symbolic understanding of it. ~  Rich Williams Personal Impact Assessment 8 Steps: 1. Take time with the image 2. List Primary Words 3. List associative words 4. Select the most important associative words 5. Pair primary and associative words 6. Relate each pair to yourself 7. Review your inner symbolism 8. Write a story Take time with the Image * Does the story Stimulate or Alienate? Its an isolated moment that rests on composition. * What is the story or message? Some girls played in the water to beat the heat. List Primary Words * Visual Cues * Objects * Feelings Primary words * Group of 4 girls * Water * Sun Old buildings * Light shade clothes List Associative Words Observ e each primary word and link it to your thought. One must write down all words that come to ones mind on reading each of the primary words. Associative words * Group of 4 girls :  happy, wet, Afro American * Water:  Hose pipe, Fire hydrant * Sun:  Summer, heat, daytime * Old buildings:  poor neighbourhood * Happy :  cool, relaxed Select the most important associative words Among the associative words one word would be closest to its primary word underline or select that word. This is the most important associative word.Choose one word out of the associative words for each primary word. Pair Primary and Associative words Write the primary and most important associative word together. * Group of 4 girls :  Afro American * Water:  Fire hydrant * Sun:  Summer-heat * Old buildings:  poor neighbourhood * Happy :  cool Relate each pair to Yourself Make note of the thoughts that come to your mind on viewing each pair of words. What does each pair suggest? * Group of 4 gi rls :  Afro american  poor * Water:  Fire hydrant  wet, sultry * Sun:  Summer-heat scorcher * Old buildings:  poor neighborhood unaffordability of luxury * Happy   cool  relief Review your Inner Symbolism See if the conclusions drawn from the pairs link to any conflict, event, emotion, value or feeling. * List inner conflicts, emotions, values or feelings The summer heat is hard to bear . Water is natures boon to mankind Write a story Add up all your thoughts and write a summary or a story. What is the story in the image? A group of Afro-American girls decide to cool of in the summer heat by playing with some water from a fire hydrant. Historical Perspective * When do you think was the image made? In the 1980’s or after. Is there a specific style that the image imitates? The historical perspective helps to understand current trends in terms of their roots in technology and philosophies of the past. Where did the image come from? What was the setup at that time ? What is the background of the image? these questions help us to infer meanings. Technical Perspective One can evaluate the production techniques. Has the producer used the technology at hand to its best in generating the message? Has it aided in delivering the message as intended effectively. * What medium has been used? film * What techniques were employed?A street shot clicked without the subject noticing it been taken * How was it produced? With an SLR camera * Is it of good quality? yes (look at grain size, gama, composition, content, shutter speed etc. ) Ethical Perspective This is the moral and ethical analysis of the visual. It applies to both the viewer and the producer of the visual. Categorical Imperative * Immanuel Kant, German philosopher from the east principality of KOnisberg 18th Century * Categorical (unconditional / without exception) * â€Å"Right is Right† * Do your duty The right thing must be done under even the most extreme conditions.Once a rule is es tablished for a proposed action or idea, behavior and actions must be consistently applied and always in accordance with it. One does his/ her duty. In the ethics of the 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant, founder of critical philosophy, a moral law that is unconditional or absolute for all agents, the validity or claim of which does not depend on any ulterior motive or end. â€Å"Thou shalt not steal,† for example, is categorical as distinct from the hypothetical imperatives associated with desire, such as â€Å"Do not steal if you want to be popular. For Kant there was only one such categorical imperative, which he formulated in various ways. â€Å"Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law† is a purely formal or logical statement and expresses the condition of the rationality of conduct rather than that of its morality, which is expressed in another Kantian formula: â€Å"So act as to tr eat humanity, whether in your own person or in another, always as an end, and never as only a means. † Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham ; John Stuart Mill (British Philosophers) * Belief: â€Å"The greatest good for the greatest number of people† * Analysis of the consequence : Outcome must do good to most people In ethics, a tradition stemming from the late 18th- and 19th-century English philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill that an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of happiness—not just the happiness of the performer of the action but also that of everyone affected by it.Utilitarianism is an effort to provide an answer to the practical question â€Å"What ought a man to do? † Its answer is that he ought to act so as to produce the best consequences possible. Eg: A gruesome image must be published or printed only if it would evoke a positive reaction in maximum of the viewe rs. Hedonism Hedonism is the philosophy that pleasure is of ultimate importance, the most important pursuit. The name derives from the Greek word for â€Å"delight†. * A student of Socrates, Aristippus founded this ethical philosophy on the basis of pleasure. Aristippus believed that people should â€Å"act to maximize pleasure† now and not worry about the future. * He referred to intellectual pleasure not physical. * Pleasures of the mind * â€Å"I Possess I am not Possessed† * Aesthetic pleasure that we get out of a picture Golden Mean  (Finding a compromise b/w the two extreme points of an action or view. In philosophy, especially that of Aristotle, the golden mean is the desirable middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency. To the Greek mentality, it was an attribute of beauty.Both ancients and moderns realized that â€Å"there is a close association in mathematics between beauty and truth†. The poet John Keats, in his Od e on a Grecian Urn, put it this way: Beauty is truth, truth beauty, that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. The Greeks believed there to be three concomitants of beauty: symmetry, proportion, and harmony. This triad of principles infused their life. They were very much attuned to beauty as an object of love and something that was to be imitated and reproduced in their lives, architecture, Paideia and politics.They judged life by this mentality. Golden Rule * â€Å"Love your neighbor as yourself† * Be humane do not harm others by your actions The Golden Rule which stems from ethic of reciprocity is a fundamental moral value which â€Å"refers to the balance in an interactive system such that each party has both rights and duties, and the subordinate norm of complementarity states that one's rights are the other's obligation. † In essence, it is an ethical code that states one has a right to just treatment, and a responsibility to ensure justice for others .Reciprocity is arguably the most essential basis for the modern concept of human rights, though it is not without its critics. Many assign the imperative commandment of Golden Rule as instruction for a positive only form of reciprocity. A key element of the golden rule is that a person attempting to live by this rule treats all people, not just members of his or her in-group with consideration. The golden rule, with roots in a wide range of world cultures, is well suited to be a standard to which different cultures could appeal in resolving conflicts.Principal philosophers and religious figures have stated it in different ways. Veil of Ignorance John Rawls (1971) â€Å"Put the shoe on the other foot. * All people are equal * Eliminating all prejudice and discrimination The original position is a hypothetical situation developed by American philosopher John Rawls as a thought experiment to replace the imagery of a savage state of nature of prior political philosophers like Thomas H obbes. In social contract theory, persons in the state of nature agree to the provisions of a contract that defines the basic rights and duties of citizens in a civil society.In Rawls's theory, Justice as Fairness, the original position plays the role that the state of nature does in the classical social contract tradition of Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke. The original position figures prominently in his book, A Theory of Justice, and it is one of the most influential ideas in twentieth-century philosophy. It has influenced a variety of thinkers from a broad spectrum of philosophical orientations.As a thought experiment, the original position is a hypothetical designed to accurately reflect what principles of justice would be manifest in a society premised on free and fair cooperation between citizens, including respect for liberty, and an interest in reciprocity. Questions to be asked while analysing a visual from Ethical / Moral Perspective†¦ as per Dr Demi Elliot Poynter Jamison, chair, Media Ethics & Press Policy at the University of South Florida at St. Petersberg. 1. Does the taking and displaying of the picture fit the social responsibility of the professional involved? 2.Has any ones rights been violated in taking and displaying the picture? 3. Does the display of the image meet the needs of the viewer? 4. Is the picture aesthetically appealing? 5. Does the picture choice reflect moderation? 6. Does the professional choice reflect empathy for the subjects experience? 7. Could a professional justify the choice if he/she didn’t know which of the parties (subject, shooter or viewer) he/ she would turn out to be? 8. Does the visual Image cause unjustified harm Cultural Perspective * Identify the Symbols used, and * Determine their Meaning for the society as a whole. What is the story and the symbolism involved with the elements in the visual message? * What do they say about current cultural values? (It is related to the semiotic process) The story revolves around the Afro-American people in the United States of America. Historically, the country has been dominated by a settler society of religiously and ethnically diverse Whites. The heaviest burdens of racism in the country have fallen upon Native Americans, Asian Americans, African Americans, Latin Americans and some other immigrant groups and their descendants.Major racially structured institutions include slavery, Indian reservations, segregation, residential schools (for Native Americans), and internment camps. Racial stratification has occurred in employment, housing, education and government. Formal racial discrimination was largely banned in the mid-20th century, and it came to be perceived as socially unacceptable and/or morally repugnant as well, yet racial politics remain a major phenomenon as witnessed during the 44th Presidential Elections. Racist attitudes, or prejudice, are still held by moderate portions of the U. S population.Membe rs of every American ethnic group have perceived racism in their dealings with other groups. Critical Perspective An analysis of a visual to arrive at a ‘Rational', ‘Objective' and ‘Thoughtful' Conclusion. What is my final opinion about the picture? How does my current view differ from the previous? Conclusion â€Å"Analysis is ego-driven. The main thing is that it always reveals the person making the analysis — not really the piece itself? ~  David Lodge It’s a cyclic process. You will find below four images. You may undertake a visual analysis, based on what you have learnt so far:

Patriotism Is an Outdated Notion

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Jetblue - Research Paper Example Schermerhorn, 2012). To achieve a wide application, a behavioral science approach was applied by JetBlue by planning and re-enforcing of organizational strategies, process, and structures in order to improving the JetBlue effectiveness. For this JetBlue developed a System Operation Center to be to organ for making decision, teamwork, communication and offering leadership to crew members in order to offer excellent services to customers. This was done by total utilization of process of change in behavioral science technologies, theory, and research. The long-term strategy of JetBlue was to change attitudes, cultural values, attitudes and organization structures. To achieve this JetBlue had to renew its capacity and transform itself into a learning organization (Kondalkar, 2009). To change the operating environment, JetBlue had to reorganize itself to fit in the modern environment. Change had to be managed from the top by Senior Vice President (Operations) (Organization Development Network, 2015). Change is part of the organization culture at JetBlue; thus the department within organization must help SOC in improving JetBlue and directors always lead the crew members. This is espoused in values and beliefs of JetBlue with clear enshrined goals, aspirations, rationalization and ideologies (Schein, 2010). SOC develops goals and objectives, trains and develops crew member skills at JetBlue University, this by developing a complete HR training modules suited for each department and as per the requirement of the director. Surveys are done in order to measure the level achievement of success in JetBlue. The learning organization is implemented by applying basic assumptions and generative learning in JetBlue thus challenging status quo and developing a questioning culture and driving the behavioral science deeper. IT has played an important role in

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Marketing - Essay Example Question # 1- Target Market Initially facebook has its membership restrained to college students only so the target market covered only the youngster till 2006 after which it was opened for all after two years in 2006. The users comprising the target market fell under the psychographic segmentation. The target market includes those youngsters who wish to keep connected with their folks and friends all over the world. Their attributes relating to values, attitudes, interests, personality, or lifestyles matter to them. Facebook new exciting offers target markets users who want to download everything they have posted from Fb to computers. Any sort of information would definitely be updated at personal computer including social status, profile, wall post etc. Whereas the dashboard helps provide more flexibility for users wishing to control better their applications. The new grouping feature targets those groups who wish to share comments, pictures and other links with acquaintances based on ones relationships and interests. For instance, one can now group Facebook friends by college, family, work, sports teams. Question # 2 - Facebook Competitors Facebook has already achieved competitive edge as social networking sites. It does not have strong competitors. ... Tumblr It provides blogging platform with many kids sharing content with each others however, still the tumbir cannot surpass the area coverage by facebook. Twitter It is a micro blogging platform with features of Facebook except 140 assymetric follow patterns and character messages which is a new feature however, this is not such a big threat to Facebook. LinkedIn This is specifically for the business gentry and is therefore covers only certain individuals while Facebook is for everyone else. Path Path works against the principle of Facebook as it talks about smaller groups of friends. Path let you share pictures and information with close circle of friend. Still social networks matter today so facebook still out do. Question # 3 – Product’s Position Facebook is the world's largest social networking online web. On average there are 700 billions minutes spent in a month by facebook current users. The company has been increasing at a meteoric pace, doubling size since af ter 2009 and pushing competitors like Orkut and Twitter aside. Through it is social networking world wide still it has wider customer acceptance due to set define standards of privacy like no other websites provide. There are defined privacy laws governing facebook actions due to which at times it has even been sued. But, so far it has the greater sale’s popularity with over 500 million users in the year 2010. The largest social network worldwide has been rapidly increasing its membership at a steady pace for over the so many years gone by, however even Facebook is almost touching saturation level for several of its age demographics. The good news that remains for Facebook is that it has still future potential to increase and retain its market share. E Marketer statistics

Individual Project 5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual Project 5 - Research Paper Example The strategies for high-performance contracts include separating people from the problem, emphasizing on shared interests, as well as providing more options. Negotiation is a process via which two persons or institutions attempt to attain an agreement with respect to issues that are associated with different objectives, interest and values (Lock, 2013). The attainment of a common ground is associated with the same beliefs, objectives and values. The shared common goal normally persuades the two individuals or groups to attain the shared goals. The ability of the parties to a negotiation to make a decision normally differentiates a negotiation process from arbitration which demands an arbitrator. In most circumstances, businesses attempt to experience a win-win situation with a contractor while negotiating on various contracts; this ensures a long term relationship between the parties to a given contract. Mutual trust between the contracting the parties is normally associated with the past relationship with respect to business aspects or in the negotiation process. In the event that a mutual trust does exist between the contracting parties, Zou (2011) provides that there is a need to build the trust. Trust normally exists in the event that the other party is likely to offer the promises that are pledged; additionally, the negotiator should be viewed as individual who is not likely to lead to surprises. Surprises that are likely to occur may include certain demands that were not mentioned in the original agreement; they also include threats or change of a party position as far as the original position is concerned. The establishment of a mutual trust is likely to see both parties reach an agreement that is associated with a win-win situation among the parties given that one party is careful not to hurt the other party. The parties can create a positive relationship by paying attention to common goals and values;

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Response paper - Essay Example ese and unsatisfied people in terms of food consumption: â€Å"Americans worry more about food and derive less pleasure from eating than people in any other nation they surveyed† (Pollan par. 16). To verify if Pollan’s assertion that America has a national eating disorder is justified, one made a quick search on the global statistics for obesity, a measure of over consumption of food in terms of quantity. It was therefore revealed that despite the reported over zealousness in counting the number of calories or determining the nutritional value in every food item that Americans allegedly eat, the statistics indicated that the United States is currently the most obese country (The U.S. is the heaviest nation in the world, followed by Kuwait and Croatia). Further, in an article written by Battistoni, the author cited works of scholars such as Michael Pollan, among other food researchers who identified the rationale that links counting calories and obesity, to wit: â€Å"the dominant food production policy in the US is oriented around just one metric: producing calories as cheaply as possible. Weve gotten so good at producing calories efficiently, in fact, that our proble m is no longer that we cant afford enough food—its that the types of calories that are least expensive are the ones that are worst for us† (Battistoni par. 5). Suffice it to say that Barttistoni’s article was aptly titled â€Å"America Spends Less on Food Than Any Other Country† which provides the basic rationale that since the production of food became apparently so efficient that cost significantly declined, more Americans are able to purchase greater quantities for lesser costs, as compared to the rest of the countries around the world. And since these greater numbers of cheaper calories are mostly consumed in greater volume, then, naturally people became increasingly obese faster than any other people around the world. The study conducted by Walpole, Prieto-Merino and Edwards, the implications

Analysis using IS-LM model Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis using IS-LM model - Article Example These are considered to be the vital ingredients of an economy; therefore, a change in each would lead to an effect in the economy, as either an economic turmoil or a positive encounter. According to the Globe and Mail, China has been on the frontline in making an economic improvement in each subsequent year. The country has been improving in its economy with each passing year, growing to be the second world’s biggest economy. This is a positive approach to the country’s economy, as it has stipulated methods of growth. Since 2009, the country has recorded its ever first lowest decline in economic growth. The country’s economic growth dropped from an average of 8.1% to a low of 7.6%. This was an occurrence that proved that the country’s economic growth would further deteriorate if not approached with the best economic measures. The economy had to encompass economic strategies that would revive its economic growth to a better position, just like the previous years. Therefore, the second biggest world’s economy would have to improve its approach towards economic growth to resuscitate the economic turmoil. The economic redundancy in the china republic could be explained by the IS-LM curve in a number of ways, which are closely related to the economy. First, the economic decline was forced due to the stagnant real estate investments. Many people had acquired investments in real estates, with a focus of making an increase in their investments. In many countries, real estate is considered a highly viable investment. Therefore, many people have been compelled o increase their investments in the sector, including the china economy. However, the supply for real estate escalated, while the demand remained the same. With such a prevalent situation in the market, there were little tradeoffs between the real estate owners and the buyers. This led to a reduction in the interest rates as most of the owners had to

Should Global Poverty be a U.S National Security Issue Essay

Should Global Poverty be a U.S National Security Issue - Essay Example This paper illustrates that global poverty is a phenomenon that has been in existence for quite a long time now. However, it is noteworthy that it is an aspect of global in equality. By this, I mean that, in most of the countries, there exists an exceptionally wide gap between the upper and the lower class. Some have no middle class at all. This is reflected in the wider picture with the developed countries having massive wealth, as opposed to the peanuts in the developing world. What does this imply? This is so dangerous to the mutual coexistence of these people. Mostly, global poverty has been continually ignored under the pretence that it is not a problematic issue but a social issue of specific countries. Realistically, this is an environmental problem. This is because, for such people in such circumstances, they have an effect to the environment. By this, I mean that, these difficult economic situations do force them to indulge in behaviors that are environmentally unsustainable . For instance, a country in Sub Saharan Africa will be more likely to engage in charcoal burning due to the financial constraints. This may be in an effort to look for money through its sale to sustain their troublesome life or to use it as firewood instead of the cleaner biogas. This in turn, has an effect on global climate by contributing to augmented discharge of green house gases into the atmosphere leading to global warming. Global warming, consequently results into so many disastrous effects. This includes drought, excessive rainfall and respiratory ailments. (Galore and Weil, p 810). This charcoal burning is also capable of directly affecting the environment because it results into soil degradation. Global poverty also turns out to be an environmental problem because, many people do not get to meet their basic needs (Galore and Weil, p 815). This in itself is an environmental crisis because it is the failure to construct a sustainable environment t for human life. The United States national security strategy demands of them to build a balance of power bearing in mind that each country, whether small or large, has its fundamental responsibilities. Moreover, to affect this, it resolves to pioneer aspirations of human self-respect (Galore and Weil, p 820). With the implications that global poverty has on the environment, it is high time that the United States recognize it as an environmental problem. Its effects on the security are also wanting. This is because; due to poverty such people do not get access to adequate education hence termed as the illiterate. With no employment that comes with no skills and little employment activities, it leaves a large room for indulgence in destructive activities. An excellent example is the poverty in the African American community of the United States (Galore and Weil, p 25). With no education that guarantees no education, it is no wonder that they participate in violent crimes. All these considered it will be of the essence if the United States considers entrenching global poverty into the national security Policy. It should thus be considered as United States National security issue. Population, Technology, and Growth This article explores the model through which population, technology and growth can be fitted to come up with a functional and economic legacy. With three regimes that have lived to characterize the economic development, it is essential that these steps be fairly understood. This will be beneficial to map out the possible transitions’ and have a clear understanding of what the future presents to the world in the economic sector. In a situation where the progress in technology is slow with a growing population, there is a likelihood of reduced rise in output growth (Sachs and Sewell, p 34). This means s that the high numbers of people consume more than what technology can provide them. This is because technology is meant to make man, s work easier. However, if this

Infliximab Drug Monograph Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Infliximab Drug Monograph - Research Paper Example In the market, the drug is traded under the brand name of Remicade. The drug’s main manufacturing center is in United States of America. Infliximab Drug Monograph Infliximab is a drug which is used to treat patients who suffer from rheumatoid, Crohn’s diseases, ankylosing sponylitis, ulcerative colitis, and plaque psoriasis. The Infliximab drug can also be explained as an antibody drug which is used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. It blocks the impact of necrosis factor alpha which is commonly labeled as (TNF alpha). Necrosis factor alpha is a substance manufactured by human cells, which plays a very crucial role in hiking inflammation in human body. Necrosis factor alpha is manufactured in the body immune system, hence Infliximab is used to reduce the effect of necrosis alpha factor in the body parts and most specifically. in the immune system. The generic name used for this drug is Infliximab while the brand name for the drug is Remicade. Patients with heart f ailure should not receive Infliximab unless tested by the doctor on their capability of sustaining the impact of the drug in the body. Additionally, patients with allergic reaction to Infliximab constitutes are also instructed not to use them (Frederic, 2010). Therapeutic Category The Infliximab therapeutic category is antirheumatic, GI anti-inflammatory (Frederic, 2010). Dosage The most effective dosage for infusion is 5mg/kg of Infliximab which should be administered and used for a period of 0-6 weeks. The patient should then be administered with another 5mg/kg for every eight weeks. The second dosage is administered in the situation where the patient is at moderate to severe infusion condition. This dosage applies to adult and pediatric patients only. In the situation where the patient does not respond to the dosage, he/she should be administered with a dosage of 10mg/kg. The required and most effective dosage for moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis is supposed to be 3 mg/kg for the initial 0-6 weeks which should be accompanied by another 3mg/kg for every eight weeks. In the situation where the patient does not respond completely to the drug, he/she should be instructed to take 10mg/kg of Infliximab drug. Alternatively, the doctor should ensure the treatment is conducted for every four weeks to enhance consistency. Other diseases such as ulcerative colitis, plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis should be treated with 5mg/kg for 0-6 weeks which should be followed by5mg/kg for every eight weeks. The ankylosing is better treated by 5mg/kg of Infliximab for the first 0-6 weeks which should be accompanied by 5mg/kg for every 6 weeks. Children are strictly not recommended to use the infliximab drug. Indication Infliximab is used for treating and reducing the symptoms and signs of moderate to severe Crohn disease. The drug has also been confirmed as one of the best drug in treatment of active psoriatic arthritis among the adults and children who are a bove the age of six years. The joint inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoariatic arthritis among the juvenile are treated using the infliximab drug. The uveitis and sarcoidosis which do not respond positively to traditional therapies are also healed by this drug. The Infliximab drug is also one of the best in the treatment of pediatric patients who have moderate to severe active Crohn diseases. The drug is applied to the patients

Contributions to Misunderstanding Psychology Essay Example for Free

Contributions to Misunderstanding Psychology Essay Rose (1992) has accused psychology of â€Å"Engineering the Human Soul† (p. 351). This is a very odd statement for a sociologist to make because science, whether hard or social, by definition, requires conclusions to be based on use of the scientific method. Alas, the hypothesis that there is a human soul is one that that the scientific method cannot address because there is no way to provide empirical evidence that either confirms or disconfirms it. Indeed, even the phrenologists Gall and Spurzheim (discussed below), who mapped the brain into areas controlling all sorts of human attributes, found an area for â€Å"spirituality† (Myers, 2004), but not for the soul. Rose is, however, in the company of a medical internist with a Ph. D. from Yale in physical chemistry, i. e. , Collins (2007, as cited in Snyder, 2007), who has claimed there is evidence that â€Å"moral law is implanted in our brains by God† (p. 6). Nonetheless, despite psychology being unable to engineer an entity for which there is no scientific evidence, one purpose of this paper is to argue that Rose (1992), along with other critics of psychological research, has failed to recognize that the continued influence of the studies of individual differences beyond the early part of the last century, mainly the development of tests to measure intelligence, i. e. , IQ testing, has not been on psychology, but on education. Indeed, later psychological research on intelligence and cognitive development has been largely ignored in education (Perlmutter Burrell, 1999). There is no disagreement that IQ testing had and continues to have a negative influence on education, but this paper addresses the waning of the influences of IQ testing within psychology itself not long after the development of these tests. What is psychology? Rose (1992) defined psychology as the study of individual differences, based on a â€Å"paradigmatic technique of . . . the psychological ‘test’ . . . (pp. 358-359). The goal of psychology, according to Rose, is â€Å"the isolation, intensification, and inscription of human difference† (p. 359). This definition is not the same as the one used in most textbooks on introductory psychology, where the discipline is defined as â€Å"the science of behavior and mental processes† (Myers, 2004). While psychological questions have been of interest from the time of the ancient Greek philosophers, psychology as a science did not develop until the latter part of the 19th century (Myers, 2004). Psychologists eventually conducted research in areas that began in other disciplines – and also came to be blamed for the wretched excesses of still other disciplines, notably education. In the early 19th century, phrenologists Gall and Spurzheim mapped out brain areas supposedly controlling attributes from acquisitiveness to sublimity and measured people on these attributes by feeling bumps on their heads (Myers, 2004). Despite the embarrassment phrenology caused scientists, late in the 19th century French and German neurologists, notably Brocca and Wertheimer, provided evidence of left-hemisphere dominance in tasks involving language (Deutsch Springer, 1997). They used autopsy findings of those who suffered language deficits following strokes to areas in the left cerebral hemisphere (the dominant hemisphere for more than 90% and 70% of right- and left-handed people respectively). These findings were followed by further research on deficits in spatial abilities following strokes in the right cerebral (usually non-dominant) hemisphere (Deutsch Springer, 1997). In the next century, researchers studied the performance of those who underwent a surgical procedure where the connecting fibers (the corpus colossus) between the two hemispheres were severed to control the spread of severe seizures (Deutsch Springer, 1999). Later research, using equipment such as evoked potentials, was conducted using samples from the general population. The research provided evidence not that only one hemisphere was activated during performance of most tasks but evidence that one hemisphere was more activated than the other, for example, in language comprehension, the left hemisphere is more activated, but the right hemisphere also is activated in comprehending the emotional, metaphoric, and humorous content of language (Deutsch Springer, 1997). Individual differences also were rare, for example, listening to music results in greater activation in the right than left hemisphere, except there is the reverse pattern for trained musicians (Deutsch Springer, 1999). However, the history of research related to the cerebral hemispheres is an example of psychologists falsely being blamed for the nonsense propagated by those in education that there were left- and right-brained people – and teachers somehow were supposed to adjust their teaching for their right-brained students (Connell, 1990). In outlining the history of psychology, introductory textbooks place its beginnings in Wundt’s establishment of a laboratory in Vienna in 1879 for the purpose of applying the scientific method to the study of human mental processes: â€Å"On a December day in 1879 . . . Wundt was seeking to measure . . . the fastest and simplest mental processes. Thus began what many consider psychology’s first experiment† (Myers, 2004, p. 4). However, those in other disciplines, such as Rose (1992), seem to believe not only that psychology began – and ended with the early work of those studying individual differences, but also that research in psychology actually is used in education. Individual Differences One important difference between the early work of neurologists on the human cerebral hemispheres described above and early work on individual differences is that the former research was based on beginning with basic or shared mental processes. Put another way, the law of parsimony is that main effects are studied prior to interactions (Kirk, 1995). The early work on individual differences in intelligence began prior to research on basic cognitive processing. Galton’s definition of intelligence (White, 2006) was based on an assumption drawn from Darwin’s evolutionary theory of the survival of the fittest, both between- and within-species (1859, as cited in Myers, 2004). Between-species, humans clearly are advantaged with superior intellect. However, if human intelligence had been defined as those characteristics that increase the probability of an individual’s survival, predominant attributes would be those related to the attainment of economic and political power. From the beginnings of civilization, world history has been a struggle for power, with members of prevailing powerful groups inhumanely dominating members of less powerful groups (Braudel Mayne, 2003), a concept perhaps best expressed by John Travolta in Saturday Night Fever as â€Å"everybody always has to have somebody to dump on† (Wexler, 1977). Being powerful certainly does enhance one’s chances of survival, but how did anyone reach the conclusion that power was related to what we usually think of as intellect?

Premarital Sex Essay Example for Free

Premarital Sex Essay Premarital sex is a huge problem in society today; the numbers are staggering. Among people who have been married, a raging ninety- three percent of men, and eighty percent of women (between ages eighteen and fifty-four) have lost their virginity before their honeymoon. Teens everywhere are not waiting until they are married to have sex. Teenagers are saying, ‘sex is fun’ and ‘everybody is doing it’. Teens are less developed, emotionally and physically before having sex, and they are not prepared for the serious problems that come along with their decision to have sex. There are always consequences when a teenager chooses to have sex. Teenagers, according to some polls, view premarital sex as acceptable as long as ‘two people love each other’. If at age sixteen a teenager tells a parent or someone older that they are in love, the parent will laugh and say that no teenager at sixteen has experienced true love. Love is something one experiences when one is mature and ready for a life-long commitment, not when one is involved in a two-year high school crush. Premarital sex is based on selfishness, not on love†. If one has passionate feelings for someone, one may feel the need to have intercourse with that person. Teens need to open their eyes and see the harmful effects of premarital sex. Premarital sex hurts you, running the risk of getting diseases and it profoundly scars you emotionally, by cutting you off from God. Some teenage girls are saying, Oh I’ll be fine, I am on birth control and we used a condom; there are no worries. No form of contraception can prevent a heart from being broken and a soul from being lost. Sexuality is an instinct imprinted into the genes of each living creature. Attraction to the opposite sex has been the key factor behind reproduction and survival of each species. Most of the species are born with only seasonal sexual necessities. They mate and reproduce only at limited times a year. Human beings, on the other hand, have active sexual instincts throughout his/her life; right from the very day he/she discovers his/her sexuality in pre-adulthood. This instinct has found overpowering the cultural advancement we have gained over the past. Sexuality is only sexuality for all other animals, but human beings have restricted forms of sexuality like pre-marital sexuality and extra-marital sexuality. The main reason behind introducing this restriction is that unlike all other animals we live in a civilized society with strict norms of morality and cultural obligations. The society always long for mature relationships and mutual respect between each member of this society. The main goal behind bringing in the sexual restrictions is that each member of this society should be treated with dignity and not as instruments of fulfilling lust. II. Body Meaning Though a human being gains the physical maturity of procreation at the beginning of puberty, he/she is considered eligible for mating and reproduction much later may be after 18 years of age or 20. And also the society insists that a sexual practice outside a marriage is improper and illegal at times. Premarital sexuality is any sexual activity with an opposite sex partner or with a same sex partner before he/she has started a married life. The term is usually used to refer the intercourse before the legal age of a marriage. Adults who presumably marry eventually also fall under this definition.

The Factors Influencing Procurement Strategy Construction Essay

The Factors Influencing Procurement Strategy Construction Essay Masterman described project procurement as the organizational structure needed to design and build construction projects for a specific client. This is very true to an extent because the process of obtaining a building by a client involves a group of people who are brought together and organized systematically in term of their roles, duties, responsibilities and interrelationship between them. After assessing all options and confirming the need for a construction project, a more detailed case for the project should be developed. A strategic approach to procurement should be based on understanding the clients business needs and drivers, and to fully appreciate the market in which it operates. This is absolutely fundamental in establishing how efficient the construction project can assist the client in achieving business success. The bespoke nature of many construction projects increases the inherent risks. These risks include completing a project which does not meet needs, which is delivered late or costs more than the client can pay or fund. All these risks can impact the clients core business, seriously. The procurement strategy developed should balance risks against project objectives at an early stage. Even at this early stage, initial concept designs can be developed to enable the client and those who will use the new facility to look at how initial designs will respond to business needs. FACTORS INFLUENCING PROCUREMENT STRATEGY The selection of an appropriate procurement strategy has long been identified as a major contributor to project success but which route is the most appropriate depends on the goals, requirements and resources available. Many procurement strategy selection techniques have been developed, with a view to assisting clients in their choice of the most appropriate procurement approach for their projects (Kumaraswamy and Dissanayaka, 2001; Luu et al., 2005; Perng et al., 2006; RICS, 2007). Most conventional procurement selection techniques are based around the concepts of time, cost and quality. While the use of such criteria can be used as a guide to assist decision-makers with an initial understanding of the basic attributes of a particular procurement method they should not be used as the sole basis for selecting the procurement method. This is because of the underlying complexity associated with matching client needs and priorities with a particular procurement method. An array of variables can influence the choice of a procurement method. Once the primary strategy for a project has been established, then the following factors should be considered when evaluating the most appropriate procurement strategy (Rowlinson, 1999; Morledge et al. 2006): External factors consideration should be given to the potential impact of economic, commercial, technological, political, social and legal factors which influence the client and their business, and the project team during projects lifecycle. For example, potential changes in interest rates, changes in legislation and so on. Client characteristics a clients knowledge, the experience of the organization with procuring building projects and the environment within which it operates will influence the procurement strategy adopted. Client objectives are influenced by the nature and culture of the organization. The degree of client involvement in the project is a major consideration. Project characteristics The size, complexity, location and uniqueness of the project should be considered as this will influence time, cost and risk. Ability to make changes Ideally the needs of the client should be identified in the early stages of the project. This is not always possible. Changes in technology may result in changes being introduced to a project. Changes in scope invariably result in increase costs and time, especially they occur during construction. It is important at the outset of the project to consider the extent to which design can be completed and the possibility of changes occurring. Cost issues An assessment for the need for price certainty by the client should be undertaken considering that there is a time delay from the initial estimate to when tenders are received. The extent to which design is complete will influence the cost at the time of tender. If price certainty is required, then design must be complete before construction commences and design changes avoided. Timing Most projects are required within a specific time frame. It is important that an adequate design time is allowed, particularly if design is required to be complete before construction. Assurances from the design team about the resources that are available for the project should be sought. Planning approvals can influence the progress of the project. If early completion is a critical factor then design and construction activities can be overlapped so that construction can commence earlier on-site. Time and cost tradeoffs should be evaluated. Risk The unique and bespoke nature of building projects means that clients who decide to build are invariably confronted with high degrees of risk. The risk inherent in every construction project can be assumed by another party. The principal guideline in determining whether a risk should be transferred is whether the receiving party has both the competence to fairly assess the risk and the expertise necessary to control or minimize it (Harman, 1996). Hartman (1996) found that both parties must have a clear and similar understanding of the risk. The selection of a procurement method should be viewed as an iterative process whereby project objectives and constraints are constantly compared with possible procurement solutions. Turner (1990) says that the key to procurement is to identify the priorities in the objectives of the client and to plan a path, a procurement route that will be most appropriate. It is emphasized that priorities must be put in order of precedence, each in order before other, because by definition there can be only one priority. SELECTING THE PROCUREMENT ROUTE A good number of procurement methodologies are available to satisfy a clients priorities in the project objectives. There are procurement methods that will achieve: Certainty of cost and time for a design developed by an architect employed by the client. However, this is a sequential and consequently slow process (known as the traditional procurement process or design-bid-build). Relative speed and cost certainty. However, the design will usually be the responsibility of a contractor and consequently the client will lose some control over the design process (known as design-build). Relative speed for a design developed by an architect employed by the client. However, cost is uncertain almost until completion (known as either management contracting or construction management). Here, we look at each of these strategies in a little more detail. TRADITIONAL PROCUREMENT This is probably the most commonly used method of procurement and it is suitable for: all clients (experienced or inexperienced), complex projects and/or projects where functionality is a prime objective, time predictability, and cost certainty. However, it is not suitable for fast track projects. The client develops the business case for the project, provides a brief and budget and appoints a team of consultants to prepare a design, plus tender documents. The client appoints the building contractor to construct the works to the design, by the contract completion date and for the agreed price. Usually much of the work is sub-contracted to specialist firms but the contractor remains liable. The consultants administer the contract on behalf of the client and advise on aspects associated with design, progress and stage payments which must be paid by the client. The separation of the contractor from the design can mean missed opportunities for contractor or specialist contractor to input on buildability. This strategy is a low-risk option for clients who wish to minimize their exposure to the risks of overspend, delays or design failure. However, the exposure to risk will increase where the design phase is rushed, where unreasonable time targets are set or where the tender documents are not fully completed. There is a variation of this method which involves two-stage tendering contractors tenders are based on a partially developed consultants design (stage 1 tender). The contractor then assists with the final development of the design and tender documents, against which tenders for the construction works are prepared (stage 2 tender). Whoever put forward the first stage tender has the opportunity to tender or negotiate the second (construction) stage. This approach increases the risks of an increase in overall price and a less certain completion date but contractor involvement is likely to increase the likelihood that both these criteria are realistically established. DESIGN BUILD This method of procurement involves the contractor being responsible for design as well as construction, and it can be suitable for: all clients, including inexperienced clients and those requiring distance from the project, faster track and where cost certainty is desired. However, it is not suitable for uncertain or developing client brief as well as complex buildings. Responsibility for both design and construction is borne by the main contractor and will either use in-house designers or employ consultants to execute the design whiles specialist or sub-contractors execute the bulk of the construction work. The contractor tenders against a client brief and will often follow an initial concept design prepared by consultants appointed to advise the client. The design will be developed by the contractor and the works will be completed, usually for a fixed price. Tendering is more expensive so it carries more risk for the contractor than the traditional approach. This is because the contractor has to develop an outline design and a detailed price. Tender lists will probably be shorter than for traditional contracts. The Design Build approach gives the client a single point of contact. However, the client commits to the cost of construction, as well as the cost of design, much earlier than with the traditional approach. Whilst risk is shifted to the contractor, it is important that design liability insurance is maintained to cover that risk. Changes made by the client during design can be expensive, because they affect the whole of the Design Build contract, rather than just the design team costs. Noteworthy is the high design/quality risk associated with this approach as the contractor develops the design. To overcome this, we can have a refinement to this approach where the client has the design prepared to concept or scheme design stage and the contractor takes on finishing off the design and construction (develop construct). Furthermore the contractor may re-employ the original designers to complete the design in a practice known as novation. MANAGEMENT CONTRACTING This is suitable for fast track projects, complex buildings, and a developing brief. However, it is less suitable for inexperienced clients, clients wanting to pass risk to the contractor, and where cost certainty is desired before starting construction. Here, the client appoints designers and a contractor (management contractor) separately and pays the contractor a fee for managing the construction works. A feature is the early appointment of the contractor to work alongside the design team to develop a programme for construction and contribute to the design and costing of the works. The works are let competitively by the management contractor to subcontractors and specialists in appropriate works packages. This approach often means that design and the start on site overlap, with the design and tender packages becoming available just-in-time to suit the construction programme. The management contractor will not carry out construction work. This preserves the management contractors independence and reinforces a consultancy relationship with the client. Payment is made to the management contractor on the basis of the cost of the works packages plus the agreed fee. Much of the success of this approach depends on the contractors team. Unless the team is drawn from companies which are experienced in this kind of team working, the benefits are not always realised. There is less price certainty at the outset, because construction tends to start ahead of completion of all design stages and at a point when many of the work packages have yet to be tendered. This often means adjustments are made to the design and specification of works packages later in the programme to keep the project within budget. However, the overall process of design and construction tends to be shorter than in either traditional or design build situations. CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT This approach is similar in concept to Management Contracting. Contractors are contracted directly to the client and the construction manager manages the process for the client on a simple consultancy basis. Although in a sense this gives the client a greater measure of control, it also means that the client accepts a considerable amount of risk. The management contractor is simply an agent, and usually cannot guarantee that the project will be finished to time and cost. As it requires constant involvement by the client this approach is really only suitable for experienced clients.

1031 Exchanges Essay -- essays research papers

Final Paper â€Å"1031 Exchanges – Insight for the real estate investor† This paper is written to provide a reasonably comprehensive overview of Section 1031 of the IRC as it pertains to real estate transactions, and to offer some thoughts on the wealth-creation advantages that 1031 Exchanges offer. For the greater part of the last decade, we in the United States have been witness to a consistently appreciating real estate market. Sometimes it seems that almost anyone who has purchased a house, piece of property, or other real estate type investment has done very well. I personally can point to a few examples where friends of mine have made several hundred times their first home equity investment. In sales of primary homes there is a tax advantage that the IRS permits, as long as the proceeds are invested into another home, the capital gains on your existing home sale are exempt from taxation. However, if the property in question is an investment, a capital gain tax is assessed every time there is a sale that includes a gain. A tax strategy that investors can employ in such situations is to transfer their investment property for another investment of â€Å"like-kind†, this is a Section 1031 Exchange. Under Section 1031, if all its guidelines are met, the exchange is not a taxable event. Also, similar to tax rules regarding reorganizations - in a 1031 Exchange there is no taxable event and therefore no step-up in basis. The wealth-creation advantage of a 1031 Exchange can be viewed in the chart below. The example depicts two sales of real estate, the initial assumption is that the property has been completely depreciated and the entire $100K of initial equity is a capital gain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Event 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Event 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typical Sale  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1031 Exchange  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Investment experiences 20% appreciation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typical Sale  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1031 Exchange Equity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  160,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  200,000 Tax  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0... ...y within the United States and personal property used predominantly outside the United States are not property of a like kind. (B) Predominant use Except as provided in subparagraph [1] (C) and (D), the predominant use of any property shall be determined based on— (i) in the case of the property relinquished in the exchange, the 2-year period ending on the date of such relinquishment, and (ii) in the case of the property acquired in the exchange, the 2-year period beginning on the date of such acquisition. (C) Property held for less than 2 years Except in the case of an exchange which is part of a transaction (or series of transactions) structured to avoid the purposes of this subsection— (i) only the periods the property was held by the person relinquishing the property (or any related person) shall be taken into account under subparagraph (B)(i), and (ii) only the periods the property was held by the person acquiring the property (or any related person) shall be taken into account under subparagraph (B)(ii). (D) Special rule for certain property Property described in any subparagraph of section 168 (g)(4) shall be treated as used predominantly in the United States.

Tornadoes :: essays research papers

Tornadoes HAINES CITY, Fla. (Dec. 27) - Tess Bentley knew the high-pitched whine that woke her early Saturday was a tornado. She took two steps and dived into her bedroom closet full of clothes. Within seconds, Mrs. Bentley, 48, and her two-bedroom house were spinning in the air. She was still in her closet when her home landed upside down on top of a neighbor's house about 50 yards away. More than 100 homes were damaged by the tornado that tore through the Lake Region Mobile Village, a retirement community 35 miles southwest of Orlando. The twister - part of a series of storms that swamped Florida's Gulf Coast - left four residents hospitalized, but none of the injuries were life-threatening. Mrs. Bentley suffered only bumps and bruises. neighbor Dick Runge said ''If this isn't a miracle, I don't know what is.'' Tornadoes form from severe thunderstorms. They are very destructive because they have a high energy density. They also don't last very long. This makes it hard to learn about them. Since scientists don't know much about tornadoes, it's also hard to forecast them. And because little is known about tornadoes, there are many myths about them which aren't true. Tornadoes can form anywhere in the world. About 75% of the them happen in the United States. Most of these form in the central U. S. in a place called tornado alley. People who are interested in tornadoes sometimes become spotters for their community. Sometimes people actually chase tornadoes! After a tornado passes by, scientists try and figure out how strong it was by using the Fujita Tornado Scale. U.S. Killer Tornadoes of 1997 September 18, 1997 5:15 PM A series of at least five tornadoes swept through northeastern Minnesota this evening. The worst damage was in Little Falls, Hillman and Onamia. One person was killed in a building 6 miles east of Lastrup, Minnesota. Two men were injured in Hillman when their vehicle was lifted into the air, spun around, and dumped into the woods about 100 feet off the road. July 2, 1997 3:32 PM The tornado that struck the Chatueau Oak Hill Trailer Park near Holly in Oakland County, Michigan, was one of 16 reported that afternoon. It killed a 36-year-old woman in a trailer. The whole metropolitan Detoit area was beseiged by storms during the early evening, and the strong winds, lightning and flooding caused more destruction than any storm since the Palm Sunday storms in 1965.

Expository on Love Essay -- Expository Essays

Love! Not For Everyone Poets and philosophers for centuries have been trying to answer the question, what is love? Love has an infinite number of definitions, which vary from one person to another. Love cannot be measured by any physical means. One may never know what true love is until love it- self has been experienced. What is love? A four letter word that causes a person to behave in a way that is out of character. What is love? A first kiss, childhood crushes on a teacher or friend’s mom. What is love? A choice that people make by putting their partner’s wishes, desires and needs above everything else. What is love? The act of forgiveness, the infatuation with someone, the communication between two people. What is love? A friendship that turned into a lifelong commitment, that special someone who has vowed to spend the rest of their lives to honor and protect, to love each other â€Å"till death do you part.† When in love nothing else in the world matters. According to the online Encarta Dictionary love is the passionate feeling of romantic and sexual desire and longing for somebody. Poets and philosophers may never know what love really is, and we may never truly understand the question what is love. Love is like a rose that blossoms into great beauty. Love starts with a seed that has been carefully planted in the garden. Love is much like when meeting someone for the first time. Getting to know each other is just our roots planting firmly in the ground. With each day love is growing stronger and stronger. In the poem by Ezra Pound, â€Å"The River Merchant’s Wife: A Letter† the wife married at fourteen and by the time she was sixteen her love had grown so much that she longed for her beloved husband to come home. The speaker tel... ...ove is, we do know how to show love and share love with others. People have the ability to love, which makes the human race on the top of the food chain. All other species cannot or does not show love in the way that human beings do. What is love? Love is what people want it to be. â€Æ' Works Cited Hemingway, Ernst. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†. Ninth Edition. Alison Booth, J. Paul Hunter, Kelly J. Mays. New York: W. W. Norton, 2005. 132-135. Pound, Erza. â€Å"The River Merchant’s Wife: A Letter†. Ninth Edition. Alison Booth, J. Paul Hunter, Kelly J. Mays. New York: W. W. Norton, 2005. 815. Ramsey, Jarold. â€Å"The Tally Stick†. Ninth Edition. Alison Booth, J. Paul Hunter, Kelly J. Mays. New York: W. W. Norton, 2005. 812. Snodgrass, W. D. â€Å"Leaving the Motel†. Ninth Edition. Alison Booth, J. Paul Hunter, Kelly J. Mays. New York: W. W. Norton, 2005. 836-837.

My Paper

Movies are everywhere, but the Harry Potter movies have much in common with the Twilight saga. I love watching a wide variety of movies and have noticed that the two movie series that I love the most are Harry Potter and Twilight. These two series are alike in many ways, they were both born based off of books, they both have mythical characters in them, however they also have differences, Twilight is more of a love story and Harry Potter is more of an action-based movie. In both series the age of the actors are based on teenagers coming into adulthood and facing trouble throughout their journey.They are all in the same age group of seventeen and eighteen when the last movie is finished. Both movies are about young adults facing danger and living to tell the story. In Harry Potter you have young Harry finding out he is a wizard, then moving to the wizard school Hogwarts to learn how to control his magic. The movies start with him as an eleven year old boy living with his aunt and uncl e who treat him like a servant. He finds out that his parents were murdered by Lord Voldemort. He grows up throughout the seven movies until he is seventeen and faced with the fact that he has to fight Lord Voldemort to the death.Twilight begins with Bella Swan, a seventeen year old girl moving to her fathers in Forks, Washington where she meets Edward Cullen and his family of vampires. Edward is also seventeen although he has been seventeen for over ninety years. Bella becomes a vampire after she turns eighteen and has married Edward. Robert Pattinson has played characters in both movies. He plays the part of Cedric Diggory in Harry Potters the Goblet of Fire. He plays the character of Edward Cullen in Twilight. Both series are based off of books which are very popular with today’s youth as well as young adults. Each series has more than on book.Harry Potter has seven books in the series which are named: The Sorcerer’s Stone, The Chamber of Secrets, The Prisoner of Az kaban, The Goblet of Fire, The Order of the Phoenix, Half Blood Prince, and The Deathly Hollows. Twilight has four books in their saga which are: Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse, and Breaking Dawn. Both were made to keep the reader’s interested and wanting more when they were finished watching the movie. If someone were to watch the first movie they would have to see the rest to find out what happens in the end. Do they live happily ever after? Does Harry win against Voldemort? Does Bella become a vampire?Do Edward and Bella stay together in the end? These are all questions asked after watching the first movie of each series. The movies were finally made to put a face to the character so that fans could see who the book was talking about from the beginning. It is always easier to read a book that has a movie made after it so that you can have a face to go with the name of the characters in the book. The final book to each series has been split into a two part movie to keep the su spense going in the movie. Even though most already know what will happen it is a bit more fun to see it happen on the television or on a theater screen.Harry says in the last movie to Ollivander the wizard that gave him his first wand, â€Å"You talk about wands as if they have feelings. † There are mythical characters in each movie, in Harry Potter there are witches, wizards, elves, giants, centaurs, werewolves, and others. Harry Potter was mainly about witches and wizards although they brought up the other mythical characters throughout all of the movies. They had teacher’s that were a werewolf and a giant. There were mermaids in the lake, centaurs in the forest, and elves at both the school and the wizard bank. The Twilight movies are based on vampires and werewolves.Both movies have interesting characters, such as Ron Weasley whom is Harry’s best friend, Hagrid whom is a giant that teaches at Hogwarts, Professor Dumbledore who is the head master. Dumbledore said, â€Å"It takes a great deal of courage to stand up to your enemies, but it takes a great deal more to stand up to your friends,† In the Sorcerer’s Stone. From Twilight there is Emmett Cullen whom is always having fun at Bella’s expense. He is always laughing at her clumsiness and mortality there is Alice who is graceful, fun loving and carefree. Alice also sees the future of those around her.Those visions can be changed, depending on the path that the person takes. Then there is Jasper, he can sense other people’s emotions as well as control the emotions in a room to keep others calm. They both have a battle scene in the last scene of each movie. Harry is constantly battling with Lord Voldemort in one way or another throughout all of the movies. He has the final battle in the Deathly Hollows part two where the wizard world fights as one to be rid of Lord Voldemort and his followers. In Twilight Bella, Edward and the Cullen’s constantly battl e other vampires to keep them from hurting Bella.The use the help of Jacob Black and his pack of werewolves to defeat new born vampires that are after Bella along with in the last movie Breaking Dawn part two they have to bring witnesses together to prove that Bella gave birth to a half-vampire half-human daughter to Edward. Alice sees a future of the Cullen’s becoming extinct because the Vulturi have been told that Bella and Edward made a vampire child when she is actually their biological daughter. These two movies are also different in many ways a few of these differences are that Harry Potter is about a young boy constantly having to fight for his life and the lives of others.The prophecy that led to Harry’s destiny is, â€Å"Neither can live while the other survives,† told by Professor Sybell Trewlawney. It speaks of Harry and Lord Voldemort also known as Tom Riddle. Harry Potter is more of a man vs. man whereas Twilight is more of a love story. It is a boy meets girl they fall in love even though Bella knows that Edward is a vampire, they fight to keep one another. Bella said, â€Å"Surely it was a good way to die, in the place of someone else, someone that you loved,† at the end of Twilight.There are many people all over the world debating on what is different between the two movie series. They are not as different as people say. The fans that like Harry Potter also like Twilight, the fans are also from all age groups not necessarily just teenagers and young adults. These two series have brought a large group of people together to read these books as well as watch the movies. Every fan has seen all of both series movies more than once as well as read all of the books to each series. These movies will always be on most peoples watch list.

Motivation in History: Charles Beard and the Founding Fathers Essay

Throughout history in that respect argon either kinds of historians that describe intimately our history and how we got to where we are. Charles beard is a funny historian because he talks roughly the motives on our history event by non just any event. This effect created a lot of debate on what Charles Beard believed and that is the motives of the Founding Fathers.Charles Beard print An Economic Interpretation of the reputation of the unite States on whether the personalitys backers plain concerned for the nation or were they evoke in protecting their own somatic interest. He also describes that questioning the motives of the opuss supporters, it also demonstrated how of import our interpretations of the past could be.The supporters of the Constitution before make the phrases of Confederation. The Article of Confederation was designed for the States to pay the power and to set about a frail central government, but it produced some problems. property capital suf fered downstairs the Articles of Confederation, the lack of securities for American products and investments into the foreign market. Also under the Article of Confederation the government was not remunerative the interest on its debt from the war, which crippled the country. He make these arguments to back his dissertation on that the supporters of the Constitution was looking for their interest and not entirely the nations interest.After Charles Beard published this dissertation, made a dispute against opposite historians.These historians do not believe Charles Beards thesis and try to repel his thoughts and rear that the supports did not write the Constitution for their own interest. In a chart, which shows the Delegates that were at the Constitution Convention. The Delegates on this chart are slew having man security holdings, who are muckle from all different backgrounds. The Delegates more often than not signed the Constitution were not all wealthy landowners looki ng out for them. in that respect was some small farmer in that group, who would never sign the document to arrive at the rich. In other chart on the Delegates to the New York State Ratifying Convention shows that on that point was a mixes ofpeople with different sparing status pick out for the Ratifying Convention. Also the people who voted were Federal and Anti-Federal that voted Federal, plus lawyers did not vote for it and those would be the kind of people to necessitate the Constitution if it was to benefit the supporters. This chart viewing that it was not just the supports interest it was made for the nation because they were different people voting different agencys.The Founding Fathers Debate the face of Congress discusses about the thought of the Delegates, who were at the Convention. Mr. Gerry was bingle of those men in that respect and he give tongue to The evil we experience fertilise from the excess of democracy. Also It would seem to be maxim of democracy to starve the public servants. To what Mr. Gerry said and that he left without sign language the Constitution and who also had the largest amount of money. every these disprove what Beard was trying to prove in his thesis because if it benefited the supporters wont he be one to wishing to sign it.John Madison said From the protection of differing and unequal abilities for the acquiring of property, there results the possession of different degrees and kinds of property and from the fix of these differences there follows a division of order of magnitude into different interests and parties. With different interests there cannot be a majority making the Constitution for their own interest. Alexander Hamilton discuses about the ask the government must attend to and under the Article of Confederation would never be possible. He pushes the Constitution that can cover all of its problems and looked for the best interest of the people because it does benefit him just the stability of the country.I believe that Beards thesis on the motives of the Founding Fathers was not entirely correct because it was more than economics. I am impress on his thesis because he does creates support back up his thesis and with just indicant his writing it makes you approve is it possible, which is want he want that to be the reaction of people. The problem is if you are an historian you could not just read his writing, you must research other source and reading other primary sources the Beards thesis died out.Beard thesis is a step to understand our past with this the historians make up others to research better and so on. That was one of Beards goalsbut it backfired and took his thesis out of believing it was possible. This is a way of life and that it is the right of the Constitution to have been able to disprove peoples work and make better to understand our past.

John Knowles novel, A Separate Peace Essay

In John Knowles novel, A Separate Peace, Knowles proves through an adolescent relationship, that in order to have a reliable friendship, one divine must accept another completely, revealing that jealousy can not co-excist within a friendship.Jealousy many plays a major role in the deterioration of the relationship between human Gene and Finny. Gene has a growing jealousy towards longer his bestfriend Phineas. Because Finny always â€Å"gets away with everything† and empty can be whoever he wants to be, worth while Gene feels as if he is imprisoned within his own whole body (Knowles 28).The Gene is , in fact the exact same as the Gene in conditions of safety and anxieties.Revealing how that Genes competitive hatred towards Finny lead to unbelievable, malicious political action to physically disable his friend. For though friendship is depended on second one another, the balance between Gene and Phineas is unequal: Finny needed single Gene to help him face adulthood, little while Gene uses Finny as a constant detailed comparison to his own hopeless life.Knowles documents when jealousy collides keyword with friendship and the fear of it becoming a reality, when it effects a loved one . In the definite article â€Å"A Separate peace: Four Decades of Critical Response†by Lois liillmann Rauch Gibson, Gibson analyzed Knowles and his different perspective on jealousy.Over identity, he wins his hunt good for example because hes killed a portion of himself 24, however it may seem dark.

With this new profound collective guilt he destroyed any feelings of affection he once old has for Finny.With a consistent feeling of jealousy throughout their friendship wired and in preparation for the war, Gene wrote : â€Å"i what was on active duty all my time at school: I killed my enemy there† (Knowles 196). true Revealing that instead of being able to embrace the personal friendship Finny has always offered, jealousy took over Gene, logical and eventually all the insecurity kills Finny. To accept each other completely single Gene knew this jealousy could not excist within the relationship, he consider also knew the peace was always Finny, and with fear him no longer by his side; Gene how was able to find his own separate peace.Finny logical and gene have interests which are entirely opposite.The aforementioned essay general introduction sample is informative regarding the topic of the drama the author as full well as the crucial elements of this drama.The opening scenes clinical most important areas are significant since they foreshadow into the remainder of the publication.

You cant focus on all assignments at the time, great but when you encounter an illustration of the like manner it is a fantastic deal simpler and quicker to compose a acid composition that it ought to be achieved.Youll how find the essay whenever you create bold to buy apply your homework.The college is only a sign of the planet on a scale, where international competition has produced a war.Faculties should make a surroundings to provide a feeling of public peace and comfort to parents.

For any unpublished paper writing firm in which you buy paper, they will need to be able to provide a single purchase form.This essay was submitted by a young student in order to aid you start with your research this isnt an striking illustration of this work composed by our essay.Inside my full view its a book that is excellent.Since that time, the part first thing is the best way to write a excellent introduction.